Friday, September 11, 2020

Monday, June 15, 2020

NOTABLE TERMINOLOGIES

THIS NOTE IS BENEFICIAL TO EVERY ONE BUT UPLOADED FOR SS 3 STUDENTS
WHERE YOU SEE ( ››››››››››››) LEAVE ONE LINE !!!
NOTABLE TERMINOLOGIES
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Digital Divide: The gap that exist between different people of the society because of access or no access to information technology.
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Sorting: The act of re-arranging of data or information into a desired order or form.
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File: A folder or a box for arranging document in a particular order
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Server: A computer program that manage access to a centralized resource or service in a network.
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Cold booting: Booting done through the hard disk or CD-ROM
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Warm booting: Booting done by restarting the computer without turning it off.
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Teleconferencing or teleseminar is a conference with participants in different location linked by telecommunication device.
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Video conferencing also called video teleconference is a conference that is linked by set of telecommunication device, this allows two or more locations to communicate simultaneously with video and audio output.
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Ergonomy is the study of interaction between the computer and human user.
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NOTABLE ANCRONYSM
Important:
Hypertext transfer protocol (http)
Hypertext markup language (HTML)
File Transfer protocol (FTP)
Universal resource locator (URL)
Universal serial bus (USB)
General packet radio service (GPRS)
General systems for mobile communications (GSM)
Disk Operating System (DOS)
Read only memory (ROM)
Random access memory (RAM)
Central processing unit (CPU)
Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
Uninterrupted power supply (UPS)
Data base management system (DBMS)
Information & communication technology(ICT)
Internet service provider (ISP)
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Others:
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Joint photographic expert Group (JPEG)
Graphic Interchange format (GIF)
Java Archive (Jar)
Software Installation Script (SIS)
Android application package (Apk)
Audio video Interleave (Avi)
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Assignment
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Differentiate between computer and Computer system Using definitions ?
How many generations of computer do we have ?
List 3 characteristic feature of each generation ?
What are the two wares of the computer ?
System software is further divided into ?
Practice the various classification of computer ?

COMPUTER

COMPUTER
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A computer is a special multipurpose machine (electronic device), that is capable of receiving instructions (data), storing and processing it and giving a desired result as output accurately at an incredibly high speed.
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The Computer as a System is a set of inter-related components aimed at achieving the same goal. The Computer as a system is made up of:
Hardware
Software
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Hardware refers to the physical units or components, which makeup computer configuration. There are three major components of computer hardware namely; the processor, peripherals and auxiliary hardware,
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Software refers to the programs, which are processed by the hardware; they can be seen but cannot be touched. A program is a sequence of instructions that are carried out by the hardware to solve given problems or perform given tasks. Software is further divided into; System software and application software.
System software: These are suite of programs that come with the computer to assist in the use of the hardware. Examples are, utility programs, the operating system etc.
Application software: These are softwares that are designed to be put into specific practical use, they are capable of performing variety of tasks. Examples are CorelDraw, Opera mini Browser etc.
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DIGITALIZATION OF DATA
Data digitalization is the process by which physical and manual records such as text, images, video and audio are converted into digital forms.
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BENEFITS OF DIGITALIZING DATA
Long term preservation of documents
Orderly archiving of documents
Easy and customized access to information
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Examples of Input device include
Keyboard
Mouse
USB
Diskette
Joystick
Card Reader
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Examples of Output Device include.
Printer, Monitor, headphone
Speakers, Plotter, punched tape
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GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER
We have five generations of computer, each generation has better advancement than the previous, the various generation and their features are explained below:
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1st Generation: The period was (1946-1959), Made use of Vacuum tubes, very large in size, made a lot of noise, needed a big system because of the heat generated, Expensive and could only be maintained by a big corporation, slow input and output device (Slow processing speed), it needed A.C, consumed large electricity and supported machine language only . Examples of such computers were ENIAC, UNIVAC, EDSAC, IBM-650 etc.
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2nd Generation: The period was (1959-1965) Major component was transistor. Generated lesser heat, small in size, cheaper, faster, consumed lesser electricity and more reliable when compared to the 1st generation computers needed a.c rooms, programming language was machine and assembly language.
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3rd Generation: The period was (1965-1971), major components was integrated circuit, employed the small scale integration (SSI) technology; High level language were used, easy to use, smaller in size, consumed lesser electricity and faster than the 1st two generations. Examples were IBM-360 Series, PDP (Personal Data Processor), TDC-316 etc.
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4th Generation: The period was (1971-1980), component was microprocessor, small in size, employ the very large scale integration (VLSI) Technology, user friendly software and programming language is high level, very cheap, faster than previous generation, portable and reliable, no A.C needed, Examples were, CRAY-1, PDP 11, STAR 1000 etc.
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5th Generation: The period is (1980 - Till Date), uses Ultra large scale integration (ULSI) technology, although Artificial intelligence are still in development, most devices these days are still been produced using microprocessors, they have very small in size, easy to use, high processing speed, large storage capacity, intelligent, natural language advancement. Examples are; Laptop, Desktop, Palmtop etc.
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CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
It is virtually impossible to definitely categorize computers by size, cost or scope. Computers are generally classified based on;
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Size and speed of operation
Data Representation
Number of purpose
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Classification based on Size and speed of operation
In this class we have
Monster computer
Mainframe computer
Mini-Computers
Micro-computer
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Monster computer: They are computer systems with enormous power and size. They are the largest, fastest and most expensive of all computers. These are otherwise known as Supper or Maxi computers. E.g. CRAY X/Y
Uses:
They are used for scientific and military research
Used to track and control space exploration, for oil exploration, simulations and worldwide weather forecasting.
Mainframe computer: They are large computers that require specially weird air-conditioning room, they are capable of great processing speed and data storage, they are very expensive, they are used for storing large information’s and process large data within a short time. They have closed system Architecture
Mini computers: They are also known as medium/Mid range computers. They fall between Mainframe and Micro-computers in their speed and data storing capacities. They posses all feature of mainframe but at a lower capacity, they are cheap, have small memory and they need no complex management structure.
Uses
Organization used them for research and specific purposes.
Micro-computers: They are popularly known as micros. They are the smallest of others and micros got its name as a result of its main computing component (microprocessor) which is located on one integrated circuit or chip. They are built with expansion slot micro-computers are called personal computers because they are designed to only allow one user at a time though two or more computers can be linked in a network. Examples of micro computers are Laptop, Desktop, Palmtop etc.
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Classification based on Data Representation
They are basically
Analogue Computers
Digital computers
Hybrid computers
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Analogue Computers: This handles data in form of varying signal/quality that assume an infinite number of levels during variation. i.e It works by measuring changes in continuous physical or electrical state rather than counting. Such measurements as temperature, voltage, volume, chemical composition of petroleum products, amount of current flowing through an electric current etc, are used.
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Digital computers: This type processes data in discrete form i.e “ON or OFF”; YES/NO. They count numbers and can only produce integers (floating point numbers). All the input must be in “quantized” or integral form everything they do is translated into a series of numerals or digits. They process discrete numbers. Examples are Mainframe, Mini and Micro-computer.
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Hybrid computers: These are the type of computers that combine the functions of both Analogue and Digital signal/data using Analogue-Digital converter or vice versa and work as a single system. Thus, a Hybrid computer consists of an analogue and a digital computer functioning as a single computer.
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Classification According to Number of Purpose
Computers exist as special and general purpose.
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Special Purpose Computers: These were designed to perform one specific task such as scientific work, or word processing. The program of instructions is built into the `machine and this, once booted, goes straight to the configured mode. They have merit of performing the job economically, quickly and efficiently. They are also known as Dedicated Purpose Computers.
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Examples: Production control of Refinery and Guidance, control of Airplanes, weather study forecast, Automobile; Thermostat; microwave ovens, etc.
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General Purpose Computers: They are also called multi-purpose computers and are used for Variety of works, they have the ability to store various programs of instructions, perform a variety of operation such as integrated processing, graphics, database etc. Most computers are general-purpose machines as they can handle many and different kind of tasks of. Because, most Microcomputers are general purpose, they have multi-tasking capability.
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Assignment
Write a short note on the contribution of IBM and APPLE to the growth of computer industry.

INTERFACE

INTERFACE
Interface is a boundary across which two systems communicate. A user interface is a very important part of an operating system.
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Definition of User Interface
In computer science and human-computer interaction, the user interface of a computer program refers to the graphical, textual and auditory information the program presents to the user.
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The user employs several control sequences such as keystrokes with the computer keyboard, movements of the computer mouse, or selections with the touchscreen to control the program.
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There exist several types of user interfaces, basically there are five main types of user interface:
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command line
graphical user interface (GUI)
menu driven
form based
natural language
Command-Line Interface (CLI): The user provides the input by typing a command string with the computer keyboard and the system provides output by printing text on the computer monitor.
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Graphical User Interface (GUI): The use of pictures rather than just words to represent the input and output of a program. Input is accepted via devices such as keyboard and mouse.
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Assignment
Explain the remaining 3 types of user interface above.

CAREER OPTIONS IN IT (INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY) DATA PROCESSING

CAREER OPTIONS IN IT (INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY) DATA PROCESSING
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A Computer user is a person that uses computer for work, entertainment, communication or for business.
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A Computer Professional is a person working in the field of information technology such as; Computer Scientist, Computer Programmer, Computer repair technician.
Career opportunities associated with computer usage and Information Technology are explained below:
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Graphic Designer: A graphic designer is one who assembles together images, typography, or motion graphics to create a piece of design.
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Application analyst: They support applications; they analyze, diagnose and solve programming problems.
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Computer Programmer: A computer programmer or coder is a person who writes computer softwares.
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Web Developer: A web developer is a programmer who specializes in the development of World Wide Web applications, or distributed network applications.
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Website content writer: Is a person who specializes in providing relevant content for websites.
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Software Engineer: Are people who apply the principles of engineering to the design, development, maintenance, testing and evaluation of the software and systems that make computers or anything containing software work.
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Database Administrator: Is an IT personnel responsible for Installation, configuration, upgrade, Administration, monitoring, maintenance and securing of database in an organization.
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Computer repair technician: A computer repair technician repairs and maintains computer and server, configuration and installation of new hardware.
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Data Scientist: They solve complex problems by employing deep expertise in some scientific discipline. Problems in Data Engineering, probability models, pattern recognition are solved by Data Scientist.
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Data Analyst: They Inspect, transform and model data with the aim of discovering useful information.
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Network administrator: They are responsible for the maintenance of computer hardware and software systems that make up a computer network including maintenance and monitoring of active data network.
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QUALITIES OF A GOOD IT PROFESSIONAL
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Excellent Analytical skill: A good computer professional must have excellent analytical skills that can be applied to solve problems or develop new ideas.
An Attention to detail: A good computer professional must pay attention to every detail to ensure everything works correctly and efficiently.
A commitment to learning: Technology is constantly changing; a good computer professional must keep abreast of the latest developments in information technology.
Good communication skills: A good computer professional must have a soft skill of verbal and written communication, having the ability to understand a client’s need.
The ability to learn & memorize programming language: A good computer professional must know many programming language and how to use a wide variety of computer software programs. A great memory helps keep work efficient.
An ability to handle multitasking: A good computer professional must be able to manage all of their responsibilities simultaneously, and must have time management skill.
Solving problems/ Troubleshooting: A good computer professional must be able to solve problems with networks, software, and other programs when called upon at anytime.
Technical writing skills: A good computer professional must possess this so that they can be able to explain complex concept to those who have limited knowledge of the computer world.
Versatility: A good computer professional must have skills that extend information technology, such as skills in business and finance.
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COMPUTER PROFESSIONAL BODIES
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Computer professionals of Nigeria (CPN)
Nigerian computer society (NCS)
Nigeria Internet Registration association (NIRA)
National Information Technology Development Agency (NITDA)
British computer society (BCS)
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Assignment
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List and explain any other 5 career option in IT Data processing that are not on your note.

data and information link

http://goo.gl/zjM3kA

data processing 2018 past questions


INFORMATION & COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

INFORMATION & COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
ICT has greatly impacted and enhanced global socialization and interactions. ICT has taken over nearly every aspect of our daily life.
Computer age/ information age or jet age, is an era of development based on information and technology i.e. Digital revolution (Digital change).
Information
Information can be defined as "data that has been transformed into a meaningful and useful form for specific purposes".
Communication
This refers to exchange of information in various forms or ways.
Technology:
This is the use and creation of technical means (knowledge and methods) and their interrelation with life and the society. Simply put it' is the use of scientific discoveries.
Define ICT ?
This is the application of computers and telecommunication equipment for automatic processing of information.
ICT include communication devices or application such as; radio, television, phone, computer, satellite, software, and applications associated with them such as distant learning, video conferencing.
ICTs are spoken of in a particular context, like Education, Health care, Industries, Agriculture etc.
DIAGRAM
Fig1: Information Technology
USES OF INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECNOLOGY (ICT)
1. Improve fast and efficient research
2. Used to remove language barrier
3. ICT facilitate access to information.
4. Used management of books
5. Used to learning electronically
6. Online banking, checking of balance (ATM)
7. For easy Money transfer
8. Used for advertisement
9. Distance learning
10. Use for research purpose
11. Online meetings
12. Trade
13. To keep track or updated
14. Processing of data in split seconds
ICT AND THE SOCIETY:
ICT and the society has to do with the impact of our day to day usage and interaction with ICT in different sectors that consigns human life such as education, financial institution, business, industry, Law, Health etc.
Education:
Teachers use computers to research for teaching materials, participate in online forums and online conferences as well as to aid their teaching. Students browse the internet to look for information, for managing books, e- learning and e-Library.
Banking:
The computer is the nerve center of banking system around the world it functions to control the entire banking system that also include electronic banking
Industries:
Computer is used to facilitate production and control systems, to support chain management and to help in product design in the industrial sector, also for advertisement e.g billboard and magazine.
LAW:
Computers are used in saving very large volume of case files, and also for easy retrieval of files.
Health:
Computers are used for carrying out X-ray Scans, for research purpose and also for disseminating of information.
Others are; Entertainment, Computer Gaming, Generation/ Innovation of new ideas, Trade.
IMPACT OF ICT ON SOCIETY
1. Increased Leisure Time: As more activities are carried out using computers at faster speed, it creates more leisure time.
2. Reduced number of manual jobs
3. Never away from work: As a result of video conferencing, telecommunication etc, one can never be far away from work.
4. Reduced privacy: As ICT is bringing about increase in information, privacy reduces e.g. the Internet.
5. Need to continually update your skills: Technology is continually changing and improving, so there would always be need to update skills to tag along the ever changing technology.
What is the fear in ICT?
The fear is that older generations will find it difficult to catch up with the ever changing technology.
Assignment
Write a short note on how I C T has impacted you as an Individual,
No photo description available.
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INFORMATION PROCESSING

INFORMATION PROCESSING
Information processing refers to the manipulation, storing and retrieval of digitized information by computers and other digital electronic equipment.
PROCEDURES FOR INFORMATION PROCESSING
Collation: Assembling of information into logical sequence.
Organization: This is the arrangement of information into working order.
Analysis: This is the disassembling of information in order to study the relationship, nature, function or meaning of it.
Interpretation: This is the evaluation and transformation of information into a very meaningful and comprehensive format.
INFORMATION TRANSMISSION
Information consists of facts which provide knowledge relating to specific event or situation which may be used in making decisions.
Information transmission can be defined as the process of passing information from one person or place to another.
Methods of transmission are the ways of passing information from one place to another.
The methods of transmission are classified into two, they are:
1.The ancient method
2.The modern methods of transmission.
ANCIENT METHOD OF TRANSMITTING INFORMATION
1.Drum beating: Drums are used to pass information to people within the community. Messages were read from the sound of the drum.
2.Town criers: Messages can be transmitted through town criers. These are people that pass information from one place to another on foot or horseback. They used different instruments like iron to draw people’s attention.
3.Signs: the type of sign used to transmit information will depend on the type of information to be transmitted. For example: smoke signal can be used as a means of transmitting information showing an event is happening somewhere.
Others are bells, trumpets, whistles, gun blast, metal gong etc.
MODERN METHODS OF TRANSMITTING INFORMATION
1.Electronic Mails: These have to do with sending electronic messages from one person to another through the use of the internet.
2.Telephone messages: Messages can be sent quickly and the reply is instant. Through this medium messages can be sent quickly and subscribers are given the opportunity to pass information to one another.
3.Radio and television: Television is used to transmit visual messages. Radios are used to broadcast information through voice to a group of people while television uses pictures and sound to pass information.
Others modern methods are fax, satellite, newspapers, fliers, handbooks, magazine etc.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE METHODS OF INFORMATION TRANSMITION
Information transition methods can be classified as Electronic or Non – Electronic;
1.Electronic Transmission: This means any process of communication that does not directly involve physical transfer of paper and that is suitable for retention, retrieval and reproduction of information by recipient.
2.Non - Electronic Transmission: This means any process of communication that directly involve physical transfer of paper and that is suitable for retention, retrieval and reproduction of information by recipient.
Assignment
Explain the following as a means of transmitting information:
i.Fax
ii.satellite
iii.Newspapers
iv.fliers
v.handbooks
vi.magazine

operating system

OPERATING SYSTEM
Operating System (OS) is a program that manages all the other programs in a computer; it is defined as a collection of softwares that manages computer hardware resource and provides common services for computer programs.
TYPE OF OPERATING SYSTEM
1. Single User OS: ​Majority of small computer based system have monitors which allow a single user to operate the machine in interactive, conversational mode and normally only allow one user to be in the main memory and process at a time.
2. Multi user OS: This allows multiple users to access a computer system at the same time. Time sharing and internet servers can be classified as multi user systems.
Other types are:
3. Real time OS: This is a multitasking system that aims at executing real time application. The main objective of real time OS is their quick response to events.
4. Distributed OS: A distributed operating system manages independent computer and makes them appear to be a single computer.
5. Embedded OS: These are designed to be use in embedded computer system. They are designed to operate on small machines like PDA’S (Push Down Automators) with less autonomy.
EXAMLPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS
➢ DOS
➢ Windows XP
➢ Windows vista
➢ Mac OS X
➢ Unix – Linux
➢ Apple Dos
➢ Apple Lisa
➢ Android OS
➢ Oberon
➢ Free DOS
FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEMS
1. Controls booting of the computer
2. Manages input and output devices
3. Provides user interface
4. Handles system resource
5. Provides store management
6. Prioritizing system request
7. Controls allocation of memory in the computer

computing

COMPUTING
This is the process of utilizing computer technology to complete a task; simply put it is the use or operation of computers.
Most individuals use some form of computing every day whether they realize it or not e.g. Swiping of debit cards, sending an email, or even using a cell phone can all be considered as forms of computing.
CONCRETE COMPUTING DEVICES
1. Tally stick: This is used to record and document numbers, quantities, or even messages, the first known tally stick made use of animal bones.
2. Abacus/ Counting frame: is a calculating tool used for performing simple mathematical operations such as adding and subtracting.
3. The difference engine: Invented by Charles Babbage, an automatic mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions.
4. Coins / Stones: An ancient adding and subtracting tool.
5. Rope: A piece of strong tick cord used for marking distance.
6. Slide rule: This is a mechanical analogue computer, used primarily for multiplication and division, also for functions such as root logarithms and trigonometry.
7. Computer: A computer is a special multipurpose machine (electronic device), that is capable of receiving instructions (data), storing and processing it and giving a desired result as output accurately at an incredibly high speed.
8. Adding Machine (Pascaline): The adding machine was invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642; it is used for computing simple arithmetic problems.
COMPUTING DEVICE AND THEIR INVENTORS
1. William Oughtred developed the SLIDE RUELE
2. John Napier invented NAPIER BONES
3. Blaise Pascal invented THE FIRST MECHANICAL DIGITAL CALCULATOR (Pascaline)
4. Hollerith invented the PUNCH CARD
5. Charlse Babbage invented the ANALYTICAL ENGINE AND DIFFERENCE ENGINE
6. Mauchly and Eckert invented THE FIRST ELECTRONIC DIGITAL COMPUTER
7. Atanasoff Berry Computer was invented by Prof. John V. Antanasoff
8. UNIVAC (IBM) was the FIRST COMERCIAL COMPUTER TO USE VACUUM TUBES.
NUMBER SYSTEM
When we type some letters or words, the computer translate them in numbers as computers can only understand numbers (Binary Numbers).
BASIC CALCULATIONS ON NUMBER BASE
To convert from base 2 to base 10
Example: Convert 101100101 base 2 to base 10
i. List the digits in order, and count them off from the right to left, starting with zero
ii. After which arrange and solve carefully.
To convert from base 10 to base 2
Example: Convert 357 base 10 to base 2
i. To do this you need to divide by 2 repeatedly
ii. Keep track of the remainders
iii. Answer is gotten by reading remainders from top to bottom.
If properly done you should arrive at the Answer 101100101 base 2
SOME NUMBER SYSTEM AND DESCRIPTION
1. Binary Number system: Base 2, Digits used 0 and 1
2. Octal number system: Base 8. Digits used: 0 to 7
3. Hexadecimal number system: Base 16. Digits used: 0 - 9, letters used A - F.
Assignment
1. List and state the features of 5 other number systems.
2. List 5 computing devices (Do not name the ones on your note)

DATA PROCESSING WAEC PAST QUESTIONS